E-bike motor working principle detailed explanation: a technical introduction that even novices can understand

1. Basic working principle of the motor
The motor of an electric bicycle is essentially a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. When you pedal or press the accelerator, the electronic control system determines how much power needs to be output based on sensor feedback, and then converts electrical energy into kinetic energy through the motor to propel the vehicle.
The main process is as follows:
The electronic control system receives signals: through the pedal frequency sensor (PAS), torque sensor or throttle sensor.
The battery provides power: the lithium battery delivers DC current to the controller.
The controller adjusts the output: adjusts the output current according to the rider's actions.
The motor generates rotational torque: converts electrical energy into mechanical energy to drive the wheel to rotate.
This motor drive method is not only efficient and responsive, but also very suitable for urban riding or climbing.

2. Common motor types for E-bike motors
1. Hub Motor
The hub motor is installed in the center of the wheel, commonly found in the front or rear wheel.
Advantages:
Easy to install, low cost;
Almost no maintenance required, suitable for beginners;
Neat appearance, high space utilization.

2. Mid-drive Motor
The mid-drive motor is located in the center of the frame, coaxial with the pedal.
Advantages:
The center of gravity is concentrated, and the handling is stronger;
Higher efficiency, suitable for mountain and long-distance riding;
Can be used with the transmission to improve transmission efficiency.

3. Friction Drive Motor
The method of driving the wheel through friction on the tire surface is mostly used in detachable electric kits.
Advantages:
Flexible installation, no need to modify the whole vehicle;
Light weight, easy to carry.

3. Analysis of the core components of the motor (Keywords: motor rotor, stator, controller, sensor)
Rotor and stator:
The core structure of the motor, the stator is the stationary part, responsible for establishing the magnetic field; the rotor is the rotating part, generating power output.
Most E-bikes use brushless DC motors (BLDC), which have the advantages of high efficiency and long life.
Hall sensor:
Determining the motor position and achieving precise phase change are the key to the operation of brushless motors.
Controller:
The brain of the motor, which controls the current output according to the riding data.
Reduction gear system (partial motor):
Used in the hub motor to reduce the motor speed and increase the torque output to meet different riding needs.

4. The significance of motor power and torque
When choosing a motor, you need to understand two core parameters:
Power (W): represents the peak output capacity of the motor. Common specifications are 250W, 500W, 750W and 1000W+.
It is recommended to choose 250W-500W for urban commuting;
It is recommended to choose 750W or more for mountain or load.
Torque (Nm): determines the strength when climbing and starting. Mid-mounted motors usually provide higher torque (up to 80Nm or more).

5. Sensor type and riding experience
Cadence sensor (PAS):
Detects pedal rotation and activates the motor according to the speed.
The riding experience is more mechanical, with slightly higher latency, suitable for budget models.
Torque sensor:
Detects pedaling force and outputs electricity to provide a more natural riding experience.
Commonly used in high-end mid-mounted motor systems.

6. Purchase suggestions
When purchasing an E-bike motor, you can refer to the following points:
Use scenario:
For urban commuting, it is recommended to choose a hub motor + cadence sensor, which is simple and easy to use;
For mountain riding, it is recommended to choose a mid-mounted motor + torque sensor, which is more powerful.
Budget range:
If you have a sufficient budget, you can choose a mid-to-high-end brand
For the cost-effective route, you can choose a domestic high-efficiency hub motor brand.
After-sales and compatibility:
When purchasing, pay attention to whether the motor matches the controller and battery system, and give priority to brand complete systems.